Chapter 9.E: Referral Fee Laws

Advisory rulings under the anti-kickback statute can be found at the website of the HHS Office of Inspector General.

For description and analysis of the safe harbors and the exceptions to the self-referral statute, as well as the effect these statutes have on contemporary business arrangements, see Rebecca Olavarria, MACRA and Stark: Strange Bedfellows at the Heart of Health Care Reform, 62 Wayne L. Rev. 131 (2017); Nancy L. Zisk, Investing in Health Care, 36 Seattle U. L. Rev. 189 (2012); Alice G. Gosfield, Medicare and Medicaid Fraud and Abuse (2015); Patrick Sutton, The Stark Law in Retrospect, 20 Ann. Health L. 15 (2011); Jean M. Mitchell, The Prevalence of Physician Self-Referral Arrangements After Stark II, 26(3) Health Aff. W415 (Apr. 2007); James Belanger & Scott Bennett, The Continued Expansion of the False Claims Act, 4 J. Health & Life Sci. L. 26 (2010); Robert Lower & Robert Stone, Off with Their Heads! Summary Execution for Technical Stark Violations — And a Proposal to Commute the Sentence, 3 Health & Life Sci. L. 112 (2010); Leigh Walton et al., Hospital Syndications: Opportunities and Options, or Poised for Extinction?, 21(4) The Health Lawyer 1 (Apr. 2009); Paul DeMuro, Eye of the Storm: The Government’s Focus on Hospital-Physician Arrangements, 21(5) The Health Lawyer 30 (June 2009).

For a sampling of the burgeoning literature on qui tam health care actions, see Dayna Matthew, Qui Tam Litigation Under the False Claims Act, 69 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 365 (2012); Beverly Cohen, KABOOM! The Explosion of Qui Tam False Claims Under the Health Reform Law, 116 Penn. St. L. Rev. 77 (2011); A. Kesselheim & D. Studdert, Whistleblower-Initiated Enforcement Actions Against Health Care Fraud and Abuse in the U.S., 149 Ann. Intern. Med. 342 (2008). See section A.2 for additional discussion of the False Claims Act.